Persons with invasive medical devices (such as peripheral and central venous catheters) or compromised immune systems are particularly vulnerable to S. aureus can gain access to the underlying tissues or the bloodstream and cause infection. When the cutaneous and mucosal barriers are disrupted, for example, owing to chronic skin conditions, wounds or surgical intervention, S. The reported prevalence varies owing to differences in the size and demographics of the study populations, quality of sampling and culture techniques utilized 3. aureus is found in the human commensal microbiota of the nasal mucosa in 20–40% of the general population 1, 2. aureus is by far the most clinically relevant. Although the Staphylococcus genus includes 52 species and 28 subspecies ( List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature), S. Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, nonmotile, coagulase-positive coccoid bacterium of the Firmicutes phylum. Vaccine candidates are also under development and could become an effective prevention measure. An understanding of colonization dynamics, routes of transmission, risk factors for progression to infection and conditions that promote the emergence of resistance will enable optimization of strategies to effectively control MRSA. Although treatment options for MRSA are limited, several new antimicrobials are under development. Clinical manifestations of MRSA range from asymptomatic colonization of the nasal mucosa to mild skin and soft tissue infections to fulminant invasive disease with high mortality. aureus combined with β-lactam resistance and, for most clones, resistance to other antibiotic classes. The success of MRSA is a consequence of the extensive arsenal of virulence factors produced by S. Different MRSA clones have resulted from the independent acquisition of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec), which contains genes encoding proteins that render the bacterium resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics (such as methicillin), by several S. However, there is marked geographical variation in MRSA burden owing to several factors, including differences in local infection control practices and pathogen-specific characteristics of the circulating clones. Since the 1960s, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged, disseminated globally and become a leading cause of bacterial infections in both health-care and community settings.
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